In recent years, the pervasive presence of microplastics in our environment has become a growing concern for scientists and health professionals alike. These tiny plastic particles, less than 5mm in size, have infiltrated our water systems, food chains, and even the air we breathe. But what does the scientific literature say about their impact on human health?
The Ubiquity of Microplastics
A 2019 study by Cox et al., published in Environmental Science & Technology, estimated that Americans consume between 39,000 to 52,000 microplastic particles annually through diet alone[1]. This number increases to 74,000 to 121,000 when inhalation is considered.
Dr. Kieran Cox, the lead author of the study, stated:
"These estimates are subject to large amounts of variation; however, given methodological and data limitations, these values are likely underestimates."
Microplastics in Drinking Water
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized the presence of microplastics in drinking water as an emerging area of concern. In their 2019 report, they noted[2]:
"Based on the limited information we have, microplastics in drinking water don't appear to pose a health risk at current levels. But we need to find out more."
This cautious stance underscores the need for further research into the long-term effects of microplastic ingestion.
Potential Health Impacts
While research is still ongoing, several studies have highlighted potential health risks associated with microplastic exposure:
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: A 2020 review by Yong et al. in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health found that microplastics can induce oxidative stress and inflammation in various organisms[3].
Gut Microbiome Disruption: Jin et al. (2019) demonstrated in a mouse model that polystyrene microplastics could alter gut microbiota composition and induce gut barrier dysfunction[4].
Endocrine Disruption: Many plastics contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals. A 2020 review by Campanale et al. highlighted the potential for these chemicals to interfere with hormonal systems[5].
Current Research Limitations
It's important to note that much of the current research on microplastics' health effects has been conducted in vitro or on animal models. As highlighted by Wright and Kelly (2017)[6]:
"There is an urgent need for studies focused on the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of micro- and nanoplastics on human health."
What Can You Do?
While research continues, there are steps you can take to reduce your exposure to microplastics:
Choose Glass or Stainless Steel: Opt for reusable water bottles made from these materials instead of plastic.
Filter Your Water: Consider using a water filtration system designed to remove microplastics.
Reduce Plastic Use: Minimize your use of single-use plastics to reduce overall plastic pollution.
Stay Informed: Keep up with the latest research on microplastics and their health impacts.
As we await more definitive research, taking precautionary measures to reduce microplastic exposure is a prudent approach. By making informed choices about our water consumption and plastic use, we can potentially mitigate the risks associated with these ubiquitous particles.
I will be following up with my unique strategy to combat Microplastics, but have also come to the conclusion this is an everyday part of life in the 21st century and the goal is to limit it as much as possible as many of us do not control our food and water supply end to end.
References
Cox, K. D., et al. (2019). Human Consumption of Microplastics. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(12), 7068-7074.
World Health Organization. (2019). Microplastics in drinking-water.
Yong, C. Q. Y., et al. (2020). Toxicity of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Mammalian Systems. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1509.
Jin, Y., et al. (2019). Impacts of Polystyrene Microplastic on the Gut Barrier, Microbiota and Metabolism of Mice. Science of The Total Environment, 649, 308-317.
Campanale, C., et al. (2020). A Detailed Review Study on Potential Effects of Microplastics and Additives of Concern on Human Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1212.
Wright, S. L., & Kelly, F. J. (2017). Plastic and Human Health: A Micro Issue? Environmental Science & Technology, 51(12), 6634-6647.
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